`ALVIN submarine pressure hull cost overrun`

I've served on a number of these — for the Army Ballistics Lab down in Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; for the Alvin submarine, on whether we could afford to build a new Alvin. So I served on this one about bolting technology in a marine environment. Risk equals hazard times consequences — there's a book from Harvard School of Public Health, not unique to Harvard, on the risk and benefits of hamburgers and cheeseburgers. It's the probability of an event times the severity or consequences. There are standards on this stuff now, many of them starting with the military, who have had some pretty major disasters at times.